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The Acropolis, Athens, Greece

Digital Re-creation for Hypothesis Testing, Educational Videos, and Interactive Learning

page updated November 22, 2016


 Acropolis - the setting

Acropolis in 1977, north sideThe Acropolis in Athens, Greece, has had a long history of human occupation. Over the course of millennia, the outcropping of rock that dominates the ancient city has been frequently reconfigured (the north side of the Acropolis is seen at the left; image © 1977 Donald H. Sanders; used with permission; hover over to enlarge). At the same time, the top of the outcrop has seen a myriad of buildings, sculptures, and miscellaneous monuments of numerous kinds. The history of the complex of structures and artwork that crowned the Acropolis has been and continues to be studied by students and scholars. Analyses of the history and organization of the monuments on the Acropolis continues to fascinate (for site location, see GoogleEarth map below).

Acropolis, Athens, Greece (view southeastward)LEARNING SITES has been asked four separate times to work on modeling aspects of the Acropolis, resulting in three progressively more detailed 3D visualizations (a rendering from one such model is seen at the left; hover over to enlarge).

Various images extracted from our 3D models of the Acropolis (including renderings, an animation, and the virtual world) are available for purchase from the Institute for the Visualization of History (www.vizin.org; click on the Products button). The images are ready to use in any noncommercial educational context.

The map is oriented over the Acropolis (whitish area around the pushpin).
If you turn on Satellite view and then zoom in, you will be able to view the
current remains on the hill (the pin points to the east porch of the Parthenon).


 Acropolis - references we used


Boardman, J.
1989     Athenian Red Figure Vases: the Classical Period. New York: Thames and Hudson.

Bundgaard, J. A.
1976     The Parthenon and the Mycenaean City on the Heights. Publications of the National Museum, Archaeological Historical Series vol. 17, Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark.

197     The Excavation of the Athenian Acropolis 1882-1890. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.

Connolly, P. and H. Dodge
1998     The Ancient City: life in Classical Athens. Rome, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Dinsmoor, W. B.
1975     The Architecture of Ancient Greece. NY: Norton & Co., reprint of the 1950 3rd rev. edn.

Dorpfeld, W.
1886 (published 1887)     Antike Denkmaeler, vol.1.

Economakis, R, ed.
1994     Acropolis Restoration: the CCAM Interventions. London: Academy Editions.

Ferrari, Gloria
2002     "The Ancient Temple on the Acropolis at Athens," American Journal of Archaeology 106.1:11-35.

Hurwit, J. M.
1999     The Athenian Acropolis. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Kavvadias, P. & G. Kawerau
1906     Die Ausgrabung der Akropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890. Athens.

Lacroix, L.
1949     Les réproductions de statues sur les monnaies grecques. Liège: Presses universitaires de Liège.

Mark, I. S.
1993     The Sanctuary of Athena Nike in Athens : architectural stages and chronology. Princeton, NJ: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

Paton, J. M.
1927     The Erechtheum, Measured, Drawn, and Restored. Cambridge MA: Harvard Univ. Press.

Penrose, F. C.
1888     Investigation of the Principles of Athenian Architecture. 2nd ed., Washington DC: McGrath.

Rhodes, Robin Francis
1995     Architecture and Meaning on the Athenian Acropolis. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Stevens, G. P.
1940     "The Setting of the Periclean Parthenon," Hesperia Supp. III, ASCS.

1936     "The Periclean Entrance Court of the Acropolis of Athens," Hesperia vol. 5:442-520.