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Nuzi (modern Yorghan Tepe)

Iraq

   photomodeling & 3D printing  

page added February 14, 2013
New methods for museums to study nd display their objects. This page collocates discussion and results of a collaborative photomodeling & 3D printing project undertaken in partnership with the Semitic Museum, Harvard University.

The Site

Nuzi (ancient kingdom of Arrapha, in Mitanni) is located in northeastern Iraq, near the modern town of Kirkuk. It was excavated by various American teams during the late 1920s and early 1930s. The site is marked by a low central mound whose habitation spans from the prehistoric era through the Mittanian / Middle Assyrian period (although there are scant remains of later occupations). It is from that last major occupation level that more than 5000 tablets were found that chronicle several generations of the local Hurrian population (from about 1435 to 1340 BCE). The texts cover the social, economic, religious, and legal customs of the inhabitants.

The Problem

Although known for its extensive archives, the problem put before us did not concern the inscriptions, but focused on a pair of terracotta lions that probably once flanked a statue of the goddess Ishtar in a temple (so-called Temple G29, Stratum II) at the site and that were found smashed, most likely at the hands of the Assyrians who destroyed the city sometime between 1350 and 1300 BCE.

One of the lions (nearly complete, once its fragments had been reassembled; measuring c.27cm high, 47cm long, and 18cm wide.) belongs to the Univ. of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. It's made of buff ceramic partially covered with red paint and a greenish-blue glaze (now mostly gone). This lion has been on loan to the Semitic Museum at Harvard for the last 10 years, so that it could join its mate on display. The lion must now be returned to Philadelphia.

Some of the photographs taken by Learning Sites of the original lion.

The UPenn lion as it is currently displayed in the Semitic Museum.

The Semitic Museum lion is not so well preserved. Actually, only the forepaws and hind quarters survive, but there is enough to make it clear that the two lions were created as a mirrored pair.

Assistant curator Adam Aja laying out the Semitic Museum's fragments
ahead of the Learning Sites photo shoot.

The imminent return of the UPenn lion created several problems: 

  • Visitors to the Semitic Museum would no longer be able to fully appreciate what its lion would have originally looked like, without the more complete mate as a guide to the position and context of the paws and haunches.
  • Visitors to either museum would not be able to fully appreciate how the pair of lions might have originally flanked the goddess.
  • Once the lions were separated, how could archaeologists study them to determine how closely they matched in size and composition?
  • How could the Semitic Museum effectively display its lion paws?
The Solution

Learning Sites innovative photomodeling techniques provided the solutions.

Photomodeling (creating accurate, detailed, and high-resolution 3D digital models from only photographs) frees museums from dependence on expensive laser scanners, continuous software upgrades, reliance on specialized personnel, and setting up specialized equipment. Instead, high-quality 3D models can be created simply, efficiently, and cheaply from photographs taken with normal digital cameras (even from smartphone or tablet cameras); although good lighting is an advantage, it is not necessary. Just point and shoot; collect a dozen or so shots from around the object; run it through our software; and the result is a 3D model that can then be viewed in any number of interactive 3D environments, such as 3D pdfs or the Unity game engine.

But photomodeling was only the beginning of the collaborative innovation. Once the 3D models were created, we could virtually compare the two lions by overlaying the computer models to see how closely they matched. It turns out, unbeknownst to the museums, that the two lions are quite different in size, even though their mirrored tails do align farily well. The overall size of the UPenn lion is larger than the comparable parts on the Semitic Museum lion (especially the size of the legs and paws).

A screen grab from the 3D computer models of the two lions overlaid on top of each other to show the discrepancies in size and shape. You can also see a short animation showing the differences in greater detail (NB: the video is 85MB).

Once the computer models were completed, the next phase of the pioneering efforts could begin--3D printing so that each museum could own a complete set. Our 3D computer models were turned over to Neathawk Designs, who own a CNC (computerized numerical control) machine that could carve exact replicas of the lions in almost any material and to any scale. A sample 3/4 scale lion was created based on the UPenn lion first, to test the printing process, the accuracy of the result, and the coloration that could be created. The lion was carved from low-density foam in sheets that were then glued together, coated with epoxy, and then painted.

Painted foam replica of the UPenn lion.

The next step was to virtually shrink the UPenn lion's 3D computer model so that the parts lined up with the smaller scale of the Semitic Museum's paws. With the computer models so adjusted and overlain, we could extract a 3D computer model of the missing sections that fit precisely into the paw fragments, providing the Semitic Museum with a complete lion so that visitors can appreciate how their pieces would have looked in sculptural context.

The References

Printed

Legrain, Leon
1950. "The Babylonian Collection of the University Museum," University Museum Bulletin, 10:3-4.

Online

Harvard Gazette (Dec. 4, 2012)

http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/12/an-ancient-statue-re-created/

Semitic Museum News (Nov. 29, 2012)

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k66717&pageid=icb.page406875&pageContentId=icb.pagecontent855695&state=maximize&view=message&viewParam_message_id=802748

Time Magazine, Style Section (Jan. 30, 2013)

http://style.time.com/2013/01/30/harvard-uses-3-d-printing-to-restore-ancient-statue/#ixzz2JYO9VyN8

Wired Magazine (Dec. 10, 2012)

http://www.wired.com/design/2012/12/harvard-3d-printing-archaelogy/


 
NB:  These pages are in no way to be construed as a final or complete publication of the material.   The results presented here are preliminary and for reserach and comment only.  For further information about this material or the techniques discussed, please contact Learning Sites.

 
Reference Information 

page created: February 14, 2013
page updated: February\ 14, 2013
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